Ibuprofen linked to irregular heart rhythm

Greetings,

There are so many people who self medicate to manage pain.  Let me ask you a question? How often do you read the warnings that come with them?  If you ever do, you won't like what you read.  

Many of our friends know that back in the 80's,  I was in an auto accident.  For years I lived on Aleve, sometimes taking a double dose.  It's a wonder my liver didn't fall out...

I was fortunate,  I found a great Holistic Doctor while we were living in Pittsburgh.  Dr Winer showed me how to stop taking drugs and treat the cause of the pain.  Would be happy to share with you how this helped me. Maybe I will be another post, let me know if your interested in that.

I originally article saw this in The Telegraph, and wanted to share this with you.  This is why we need to read the fine print on those pills we take.  We need to take responsibility and seek answers ourselves.

All the best,

Lou & Debbie

Ibuprofen linked to irregular heart rhythm

Commonly used painkillers including ibuprofen increase the risk of developing an irregular heart rhythm by up to 40 per cent, according to a new study. 

By Nick Collins, Science Correspondent 

The anti-inflammatories, which are widely available in supermarkets and pharmacies, have been previously linked to a higher chance of heart attacks and strokes.

But a new study has shown for the first time a connection between the drugs and atrial fibrillation, also known as irregular heart rhythm or flutter.

The condition is more common than heart failure and stroke, and is linked to a higher long-term risk of developing both.

Experts examined the records of 32,602 patients with flutter between 1999 and 2009 and compared each to ten randomly selected control patients.

People who had recently begun using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), which include ibuprofen, were found to have a 40 per cent higher chance of flutter, equivalent to about four extra cases per year per 1000 people.

Government says that formaldehyde & styrene causes cancer

Greetings,

Now the government is saying that formaldehyde is a cancer-causing agent!  Is it just us, or is it that every time we turn around there is something we’ve known ourselves (all you need is a little common sense) is bad for us. 

For years I have been telling anyone who would listen to avoid anything that has this in it.  This includes aspartame, which breaks down in the bloodstream into formaldehyde!

Please share this with people you know, we need to get this info out.   Will keep putting out more info, have a great post on the benefits of Lemons on fighting cancer, it's still up if you need it.

All the best,

Lou & Debbie

The government says the industrial chemical formaldehyde causes Cancer and that styrene, which is used worldwide in the manufacture of fiberglass and food containers, may cause cancer.     

The National Institutes of Health says people with higher measures of exposure to formaldehyde are at increased risk for certain types of rare cancers, including in the upper part of the throat behind the nose.     

The strong-smelling chemical is widely used to make resins for household items, including paper product coatings, plastics and textile finishes. It also is commonly used as a preservative in medical laboratories, mortuaries and consumer products including some hair straightening products.     

The government says styrene is a component of tobacco smoke, and  NIH says the greatest exposure to the chemical is through cigarette smoking.

FDA issues warning against Statins!

Greetings,

Here is another example of how listening to the established medical model can get you into trouble (or by watching commercials on TV!). 

Here we go again, now another one of the magic bullets from the drug companies is once again being issued new safety warnings.

Please share this with people who are taking these dangerous products.

All the best,

Lou & Debbie

FDA issues warning against high doses of simvastatin  06/10/2011

 FDA on Wednesday issued new safety restrictions on high-dose simvastatin, which also is sold under the brand name Zocor, because of concerns that it can cause a potentially severe muscle disease called myopathy, the New York Times'"Prescriptions" reports.


About 2.1 million U.S. residents in 2010 were prescribed simvastatin at the 80-milligram dose, which is the highest approved dose of the cholesterol-lowering drug. FDA is recommending that physicians only continue to prescribe the high dose to patients who have been taking it for at least one year without any adverse muscle pain. 

The agency reviewed the results of a seven-year study and found that patients taking that dose were at a greater risk than those taking lower doses or other statins. FDA will be "making label changes to reduce the risk of statin-associate muscle injury," according to Eric Colman of FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research.

The recommendation also applies to Vytorin and Simcor, which are combination drugs sold by Merck and Schering-Plough, and Abbott Laboratories, respectively (Wilson, "Prescriptions," 

New York Times, 6/8; Stein, "The Checkup," Washington Post, 6/8).

The Hidden Link Between Stress, Aging and Caffeine

Greetings,

Have you ever really thought about that cup of coffee you have every morning?  

We’ve been hearing for years how bad it is for our health, right? 

There are always two sides of the coin.

So, which side do you fall on?  This is one side. 

Let us know what you think. 

Look for another post we’re going to put up that  is the flip side, so check back again.

All the best,

Lou & Debbie.

The Hidden Link Between Stress, Aging and Caffeine

© Caroline MacDougall

It’s the common complaint you hear 

uttered by friends, family and co-workers throughout the day. “I just can’t get going without my cup of coffee!” What happened to the days of childhood when we used to bound out of bed with plenty of energy and we kept going at an energetic pace until night? Most people assume that age causes diminished energy supply, but the latest research is shedding new light on lifestyle practices that ultimately lead to fatigue. 

Although we reach for the coffee or teacup hoping to boost our energy, studies show that we are actually inducing a state of stress. Caffeine drives the adrenal glands to produce stress hormones that can remain in the blood stream up to 18 hours after consumption. These hormones produce the “fight or flight” response nature designed to help save our lives when every bit of energy was required to survive an impending disaster such as an attack by a foe. In today’s world, where we are more often sitting at a desk, driving in our car, or eating a meal, caffeine can put us into a chronic state of stress with no way for our body to burn off the extra fuel and hormones. Caffeine-induced stress can produce mood swings and insomnia, increase muscle tension, impair digestion and nutrition, restrict blood circulation to the brain, elevate blood pressure, create blood sugar swings, and accelerate heart rate. Yet the lines at the local coffee bar are still stretching out the door with people desperate for their next caffeine fix. 

Caffeine addiction is rampant in our society. Caffeine is the only unregulated drug in our food supply. There are no requirements for the quantity of caffeine to be labeled on foods or soft drinks. Most people don't know that their coffee flavored ice cream or yogurt may be supplying a hefty dose of caffeine just when they want to relax at the end of a hectic day. Mothers don't suspect that the root beer and orange soda they are giving their children may also contain caffeine. Students studying late at night don't realize that caffeine restricts the oxygen flow to their brain up to 30% and impairs memory retention. Under the guise of alertness, caffeine has fooled them into thinking they will be better prepared for their exams in the morning. 

While the adrenals are busy pumping out cortisol to send energy to the muscles and divert energy from the digestive and immune systems, there is a very important hormone they aren't making: DHEA. It turns out that the adrenals have to reduce their production of the most important anti-aging hormone your body requires for youth and longevity in order to produce the stress hormones that ultimately weaken your immune system and impair your health. DHEA is the mother hormone for all the sex hormones such as estrogen and testosterone as well as it increases your brain's serotonin levels naturally. So if you've been feeling down in the dumps and your lover no longer interests you, check out how much caffeine you are consuming daily in that coffee mug of yours!

The caffeine industry created a nice deception to make you think you're not drinking that much caffeine. It turns out that a cup of coffee is not your normal 8 oz cup, but a mere 5 oz cup. So when you read that a couple of cups of coffee a day shouldn't be any problem to your health, think of one 10 oz mug because that is what they are actually talking about. When you add to that the statistics for caffeine content in a cup of coffee brewed at popular coffee bars, you'll find out that you can expect up to 300 mg in that 10 oz cup, not the 150 mg you might find in a cup of coffee from your own coffee maker. 

Decaf coffee drinkers who think they have  witched to a healthier choice will be surprised to find out that a Stanford University study showed that decaf coffee raises the cholesterol higher and faster than regular coffee. A cup of decaf coffee still contains around 7 mg of caffeine. Plus, the beans chosen for decaf coffee have a higher acidic content than regular coffee to compensate for flavor loss during the decaffeination process. Since antacids are the top selling over-the-counter drug in America, it is evident that many people suffer from the acidity of coffee! 

With all this bad news about our favorite legal drug habit, you may be wondering what is my alternative? Stephen Cherniske M.S., the author of Caffeine Blues (Warner 1998) recommends switching to caffeine-free herbal coffee. Herbal coffee, made from carob, chicory, barley, dates, figs and almonds, can be brewed right in your same coffee maker. It contains significant amounts of potassium to give you a natural energy lift. Potassium is added to sports recovery beverages because it helps your muscles and brain recover from fatigue. Herbal coffee is also alkaline for your system unlike coffee and tea which are highly acidic. Plus, chicory has high levels of inulin that is food for your digestive flora. Inulin will help establish a healthy colony of bifidus bacteria in the colon where they create B vitamins, help you absorb your minerals like calcium and iron, and enhance your immune system. If you depend on caffeine to drive your elimination, bifidus bacteria will help you become regular without dependency on stimulants. 

Kicking the Caffeine Habit

Caffeine withdrawal headaches can be incapacitating. Often they are accompanied by fatigue as your body starts to recuperate from its former caffeine-driven pace. But it is not as hard as you may think to ease yourself off of caffeine if you use a two week weaning program. By slowly reducing the amount of caffeine you consume daily, you can avoid those withdrawal headaches and help your adrenal glands recover. You may be surprised to find in 2 to 3 months that you feel better than you've felt since you were a child and once again, you have an abundance of energy and enthusiasm for life! 

It may interest you to know why you get a headache when you skip your morning cup. Caffeine acts a as powerful vasoconstrictor in the brain. That is, it constricts blood vessels in the brain and decreases circulation and oxygen supply by up to 30%! When caffeine is not present, the sudden increased circulation causes headaches. While this keeps millions of people addicted to the caffeine habit, the good news is that you can avoid this pitfall by slowly weaning yourself off caffeine over a two to three week period. 

Start by mixing your normal coffee 3/4 to 1/4 caffeine-free herbal coffee. Gradually reduce the percentage of your coffee over a two-three week period until you are drinking 100% herbal coffee. You should be able to avoid the headaches and also gradually adjust your body to less reliance on stimulants. 

Try these herbal tonics to help rebuild adrenal health and detoxify the body: 

Siberian Ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) 

Panax Ginseng (Panax ginseng or quinquefolius) 

Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) 

Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus) 

Ashwaganda (Withania somnifera) 

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum)

Some heavy coffee drinkers experience "brain fog" in the first month or so of quitting caffeine. Good nutrition along with a bioenergetic supplement coupled with some herbal extracts including gotu kola and gingko biloba will help you clear that fog and restore your normal brain clarity. 

Beware of products parading as energy uppers that simply contain more harmful stimulants. Many of them depend on caffeine from lesser known sources such as guarana, kola nut, and yerba maté, or ephedrine from Ma Huang. 

Caroline MacDougall is an herbalist with 25 years of expertise designing caffeine-free herbal beverages. She has designed herbal beverages for The Republic of Tea, Yogi Tea, Uncle Lee's Tea, Seelect Teas, and Teeccino Caffé.

Health of U.S. workforce declining

Greetings, Why does this not surprise me?  We are working more and not  taking  care of ourselves, and is it a wonder that we are less healthy?  When money gets tight we quit going to health clubs and stop taking  vitamins and supplements.   Think about what we  "do and don't" spend our money,  always try to put your health first! All the best, Lou & Debbie Health of U.S. workforce declining 04/19/2011

The overall health of U.S. workers with employer-sponsored  health coverage declined by 2% between 2005 and 2009, and each worker costs employers about $670 in health care costs annually,according to Thomson Reuters  U.S. Workforce Wellness Index.  The index examined employee wellness by looking at six risk  factors: body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, blood glucose  level, cholesterol, and tobacco and alcohol use.  The study found that about 14% of incremental direct health  care costs were linked to these six factors.  High BMI cost   employers about $400 per worker, while high blood glucose  levels accounted for $150 per worker. The findings indicated  that cholesterol, alcohol use and blood pressure did not  affect health care costs, but tobacco use cost about $100.  The costs were associated only with medical and prescription  drug costs, and not missed work or disabilities

Chilling News about a Vaccine You Almost Certainly had as a Child… Does It Have a Secret Cancer Connection?

Greetings,

This is a long post but I hope you take the time to read it.

I grew up in one of the states that had a high exposure rate!

Just yesterday, I heard about the government has just got caught  paying out very large setelments to parents who have children with austism.

Please do your own reasearch on the dangers that have been associated with vaccines.

All the best,

Lou & Debbie

Chilling News about a Vaccine You Almost Certainly had as a Child…

Does It Have a Secret Cancer Connection?

What does a 12-year-old have in common with a 70-year-old?

Potential exposure to a virus that turns normal cells into cancerous ones...

Certain evidence points to a strong link between a vaccine you had as a child, and cancer… and the infection mysteriously extends to your children and grandchildren.

Mass vaccination campaigns of the 1950s and 1960s are now suspected in thousands of deaths per year via a cancer-causing virus contained in the early polio vaccines. But this doesn't mean you'll get cancer for sure. Keep reading and I'll explain. . 

Researchers discovered this deadly vaccine tragedy in 1994 — when Dr. Michele Carbone found the SV40 virus in 60% of lung cancers (mesotheliomas) studied, 33% of osteosarcoma bone cancers, 40% of other bone cancers…

This is no monkey business!

Known as SV40, this virus came from dead monkeys whose kidney cells were used to culture polio vaccines. Over 98 million people in the U.S., plus more in other countries, were exposed to the contaminated vaccine.

And it appears there's a link to you, even if YOU were not vaccinated.

It turned out to be: medical marvel with a deadly glitch

Polio virus has been around forever — yet paralysis-causing epidemics have only existed since the late 1800s. In fact, 95% of polio cases occur without symptoms. Most victims just get a mild fever. But in a tiny fraction of 1% of victims, it penetrated the blood-brain barrier to cause paralysis or death… which naturally aroused much fear.

At the height of the polio epidemic in the early 1950s, the first polio vaccines were cultured in monkey tissue. The vaccine was rushed to market and made mandatory because of government panic and public hysteria about the disease.

From the beginning there were cries of "foul", accusations of poor manufacturing controls, and questionable efficacy.1

Then in the late '50s the monkey tissue was found to be contaminated with a virus that could be linked to cancer and other serious diseases… after it was too late and millions had received it.

Bernice Eddy, PhD, National Institutes of Health (NIH), discovered that a staggeringly high 70% of hamsters injected with kidney cell cultures containing SV virus died without apparent cause. She later discovered that tumors could be passed easily from one animal to another over a long time period while remaining cancerous.2

It was dubbed SV40 -- the fortieth simian virus found in monkeys' kidney cells.

"The Great Polio Vaccine Cover-Up"…

Eddy went public with this news — which enraged her boss at the NIH to no small degree. He tried everything he could to marginalize and discredit her — viewing her discovery as a direct threat to his career and a public health policy he staunchly supported.3

In June 1961, a letter from a colleague to the surgeon general detailed how Eddy's work was muzzled and repressed.4

Meanwhile by 1960, the Salk vaccine had been administered by injection to half the American public.

But there was a rival vaccine — the oral vaccine developed by Sabin. By mid-1960, sixty million Russians had received Sabin's oral vaccine (OPV) in field trials. It was pronounced a resounding success.

A group of Merck scientists led by Dr. Maurice Hilleman eventually proved both the Salk and Sabin forms were contaminated with SV40.

But the government purposefully kept this under wraps, warning neither doctors nor the public… while the vaccines continued to be given for years.

Eventually word leaked out… on July 25, 1961 the New York Times ran a story on page 26, quoting directly from the government's official press release.5

One news outlet opted against silence… On August 6th, 1961 the National Enquirer carried the year's most complete SV40 story, in an article entitled, "The Great Polio Vaccine Cancer Cover-Up…" running three pages long. Despite its tabloid status, the article contained amazing scientific quotes and an accurate recounting of Eddy's hamster experiments.6

The SV40 was so virulent, it became a popular tool of cancer researchers awed by its ability to transform healthy animal cells into tumor cells in test tubes. This tiny but mighty life form could completely disrupt cells, cause them to lose control of themselves, and to reproduce wildly.

Finally in 1994 Dr. Michele Carbone autopsied dead research animals to make a shocking discovery… SV40 was linked tothe rare malignant mesothelioma — as well as to brain cancer and osteosarcoma (bone cancer).

Carbone's research found that SV40 causes mesothelial cells to become malignant 1,000 times faster than fibroblasts.7

Between 1997 and 2003, 25 new published studies showed presence of SV40 in mesotheliomas… 16 others found SV40 in brain, bone, and other cancers.8

In fact, one study showed the presence of SV40 infections in children born after 1982 — decades after the polio vaccine was supposedly cleaned up9,10. Why SV40 is apparently still spreading is a mystery.

SHOCKING revelations from a vaccine maker…

Initially, no one could fathom how SV40 was transmitted to humans.

That is… until Dr. Maurice Hilleman — head of Merck's vaccine program, developer of more than 36 vaccines, and recipient of a special lifetime achievement award from the World Health Organization — made shocking revelations before he died about Merck's responsibility in unleashing the SV40, as well as the AIDS virus.11

He also testified that the government kept SV40 contamination a secret to avoid public hysteria.

What we NOW know about SV40…

Disturbing new insights:

Documents now conclusively prove that SV40 was never removed from the vaccine stocks after 1963… SV40 tainted seeds were never thrown away — they were used in OPV (oral polio vaccine) for millions of children for nearly four decades12.

SV40 appears in 61% of all new cancer patients — including patients too young to have received the vaccine 40 years ago!13

Nearly 70% of mesothelioma cases test positive for SV40.

SV40 was found in 23% of blood samples and 45% of semen of normal individuals.14

SV40 can be transmitted sexually and through blood transfusions.15

Ten percent of those never exposed directly to tainted vaccines test SV40-positive.

Lancet published clear evidence that tainted polio vaccine is responsible for nearly half of the 55,000 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cases per year.16

People from states receiving high-SV40 OPV now get osteosarcoma tumors at ten times the rate of those with SV40-free lot numbers.17

Are YOU from a high-exposure state?

Where did you spend your 1950s and 60s? Per NIH, these states had high SV40 vaccine exposure18:

Washington

Oregon

Wyoming

Utah

Minnesota

Iowa

Wisconsin

Illinois

Michigan

Pennsylvania

Washington DC

Maryland

Delaware

New York

Connecticut

Rhode Island

Massachusetts

Vermont

New Hampshire

Low exposure states:

California

Arizona

New Mexico

Colorado

Texas

Kansas

Nebraska

North Dakota

Missouri

Louisiana

Georgia

Tennessee

Kentucky

Ohio

West Virginia

Remaining states are theoretically SV40-free. But, cancer rates are also high in the United Kingdom and Italy, all of which had huge mass vaccination programs.

Scientific integrity or government cover-up?

Not to sound like a conspiracy theorist here — but consider…

When research went public in 1999, NCI declared there's "no evidence of human cancer linked to SV40". But other researchers contend that SV40 had already shown up in a wide variety of tumors — the highest rates in those receiving tainted OPV. Maybe that's not proof it's the cause but it certainly qualifies as a statistical "link"! And, in the science of identifying causes of cancer, correlations like this have long been considered evidence of probable cause.

The government and NIH have denied requests for grants to study SV40. Why?

Government denies a cancer link because of "those who are too young to have received the vaccine in the 1950s" — ignoring the potential of transmission via "shedding" (passing the virus to non-vaccinated people)… something the vaccine was specifically designed to do!

According to NIH, "the NCI is continuing to evaluate the possible link between SV40 infection and human cancers."19

But some in the scientific community question whether this "continuing evaluation" is being performed with total scientific integrity.

One article by an attorney, published in a peer reviewed scientific journal, accuses NCI of deliberately compromising a study that would have shown a link between SV40 and mesothelioma.20

Despite the government's foot dragging...

SV40 is one of the most widely studied viruses in all of microbiology

For forty years, SV40 has been widely studied and well understood. Over 3,400 scientific articles name SV40 in the title… over 15,000 articles mention SV40.

SV40 was routinely used to create human cancers in the lab, to test cancer therapies.21

Moreover, it is now known how this virus causes cancer on a molecular level. SV40 oncogenesis is mediated by the viral large tumor antigen (T-ag) — which inactivates the tumor suppressor proteins p53 and pRb.22

Experts in SV40 research finally announced SV40 is a class 2A human carcinogen.23

Good news: Not EVERYONE

who received SV40 will get cancer...

There is hope. Nearly every Baby Boomer received these vaccines forty or fifty years ago, and sadly, we can't turn back the clock for a do-over.

However, even Carbone, a leading SV40 expert, says, "… you need many different carcinogens, because different carcinogens do different things. Cancer is a multifactorial process."

No one factor can create cancer all by itself. Instead, your cells require numerous "hits" (insults) from various carcinogens.

But Carbone does consider SV40 one of the most potent human carcinogens.

He also goes on to state that cellular changes in your body (unlike a test tube) are influenced by the status of your immune system. A healthy immune system generally seeks and destroys invading viruses.

So, mitigate your personal risk by engaging in strategies known to enhance your immune system, such as:

Eating a mostly raw, organic, high-enzyme diet rich in vegetables… free of sugar, artificial sweeteners, and carbs.

Reduce calories, lose weight, exercise daily…

Control stress.

Give thanks for your daily blessings.

Detoxify yourself, your home, yard, and life as much as possible…

It does appear there's damaging evidence about polio vaccines, but we may never be 100% sure.

All the same, what's done is done. Move forward confidently with strategies known to reduce your risk. And at the same time, be wary and don't repeat the mistakes of the past.

Kindest regards,

Lee Euler,

Publisher

Footnotes:

1 Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 163 No. 2, Jan. 12, 1957.

2 Bookchin, Debbie & Schumacher, Jim, The Virus and the Vaccine. St. Martin's Press, New York, NY, 2004. p. 61-62.

3 Bookchin, Debbie & Schumacher, Jim, The Virus and the Vaccine. St. Martin's Press, New York, NY, 2004. p. 65-66.

4 Bookchin, Debbie & Schumacher, Jim, The Virus and the Vaccine. St. Martin's Press, New York, NY, 2004. p. 82-83.

5 Bookchin, Debbie & Schumacher, Jim, The Virus and the Vaccine. St. Martin's Press, New York, NY, 2004. p. 103-104.

6 Bookchin, Debbie & Schumacher, Jim, The Virus and the Vaccine. St. Martin's Press, New York, NY, 2004. p. 104.

7 Bookchin, Debbie & Schumacher, Jim, The Virus and the Vaccine. St. Martin's Press, New York, NY, 2004. p. 207.

8 Bookchin, Debbie & Schumacher, Jim, The Virus and the Vaccine. St. Martin's Press, New York, NY, 2004. p. 215.

9 Butel JS, et al., Molecular Evidence of simian virus 40 infections in children. J Infect Dis. 1999 Sep; 180(3):884-7.

10 Bookchin, Debbie & Schumacher, Jim, The Virus and the Vaccine. St. Martin's Press, New York, NY, 2004. p. 185.

11 http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=327_1195303011

12 http://www.ouralexander.org/isrc.htm

13 Fuentes, Geraldo, SV40: A Deadly Cure? http://viewzone2.com/sv40x.html

14 Fuentes, Geraldo, SV40: A Deadly Cure? http://viewzone2.com/sv40x.html

15 Fuentes, Geraldo, SV40: A Deadly Cure? http://viewzone2.com/sv40x.html

16 Comment in: Lancet. 2002 Mar 9;359(9309):812-3, Lancet. 2003 Jan 4;361(9351):88-9, Lancet. 2002 Jun 29;359(9325):2281.

17 Fuentes, Geraldo, SV40: A Deadly Cure? http://viewzone2.com/sv40x.html

18 National Institutes of Health, 1950's Contaminated Polio Vaccines — A Deadly Cure By Geraldo Fuentes viewzone.com 9-16-00

19 National Cancer Institute, Simian Virus 40 and Human Cancer (2003) athttp://cancerweb.ncl,ac.uk/cancernet/600371.html (last visited May 15, 2003).

20 Donald S. MacLachlan, SV40 in Human Tumors: New Documents Shed Light on the Apparent Controversy, 22 Anticancer Res. 3495, 3495-99 (2002).

21 E. Fanning, Introduction to Simian Virus 40: Getting by with More than a Little Help from its Host Cell, in Simian Virus 40 (SV40): A Possible Human Polyomavirus, supra note 28, at 3-8.

22 Butel JS, Vilchez RA, Jorgensen JL, Kozinetz CA. Association between SV40 and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma. 2003;44 Suppl 3:S33-9.

23 Gazdar AF, Butel JS, Carbone M., SV40 and Human Tumours: Myth, Association or Causality?, 2 Nat. Rev. Cancer 957, 957-64 (2002).